Genre et commerce

This document presents un article on Female Genital Mutilation -cutting type 4. According to the report published in 1991 by World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the practice recognised as female circumcision is a violation of basic human rights and does not describe exactly what is done hence it is not synonymous with male circumcision but a form of mutilation. “Female genital mutilation” (FGM) was has since been recognized internationally however practicing communities prefer the term cutting because it is unbiased.Some authors have posited it would be more accurate to name this practice as “Female genital cutting” (FGC). Some other authors have preferred to combine these two terms and use the term “Female genital mutilation/cutting” (FGM/C) [2,3]. For the purpose of this review, the term FGM/C shall be used.

This document presents un article on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), Cultural Challenges and Complications during Delivery at Omdurman Maternity Hospital (OMH), Sudan 2015. The objective of this article is o determine the prevalence, socio-cultural factors behind the persistence of FGM and its associated complications during labour among primigravidae at Omdurman maternity hospital (OMH), Sudan, during 2015. Methodology: A descriptive study, conducted at OMH, for primigravidae delivered during 2015. After an informed consent, circumcised women, delivered vaginally, were included for the study and uncircumcised were the control. Data was collected by trained data collectors and resident registrars using a structured format. Results: A total of 2434 primigravidae, delivered vaginally during 2015 at OMH were studied, 791 (32.5%) were circumcised and 1643 (67.5%) were uncircumcised. Out of the circumcised women, 570 (72.1%) were type II, 190 (24.0%) type I and only 031 (03.9%) were type III (infibulated)

This document presents an article on FGM: Between moral relativism and moral hypocrisy: Reframing The debate on FGM. In this article, the author assesses the merits of these competing perspectives. He argues that each of them involves valid moral concerns that should be taken seriously in order to move the discussion forward. Accordingly, the aim of this article will be to develop an ethical framework concerning FGM (and related interventions) that acknowledges the genuine harms that are at stake, but which does not suffer from being based on cultural double standards. In order to develop this framework, the author will begin by presenting the orthodox position on FGM as represented by the WHO/UN, and then he will turn to the analysis of the critics of this position who have raised the concerns about cultural bias

This document presents a note for circulation on sexual assaults and FGM-whose laws rule Women’s in Egypt. This presentation briefly exposes the challenges that Human Rights and Feminist activists endure when litigating cases that fall under the realm of Women’s Rights. This is a domain historically very politicised and a field of contestation between independent activists and state feminists.

This document presents a study on evolution of civil society and the rule of law regarding female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan. This research evaluates the development of the rule of law, and its effectiveness, regarding female genital mutilation (FGM) as a case study in Iraqi Kurdistan from the end of the Iran-Iraq War in 1988 until 2013, the early years of the Kurdistan Regional Government’s parliament. Comprehensive rule of law evolution can be measured through comparing domestic legal developments through state-centric policy and enforcement, or lack thereof, with cultural internalization and non-governmental engagements. By studying the legal and cultural realms’ interaction with the anti-FGM discourse over Iraqi Kurdistan’s past two decades, this research will determine the role of a continuous society overlaid by intermittent legal structures in the sustainability of negotiating cultural relativity with universal human rights.