Genre et commerce

This report is the third OECD flagship publication on trends, causes and remedies to growing inequalities. The 2008 report Growing Unequal? documented and analysed the key features and patterns of trends in income inequality in OECD countries. The 2011 publication Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising analysed the deep-rooted reasons for rising inequality in advanced and most emerging economies. In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All highlights the key areas where inequalities originate and where new policy approaches are required. It takes a fresh look at the question how trends in inequality have affected economic growth and through which channels; looks at the consequences of the recent period of crisis and fiscal consolidation on household incomes; analyses the impact of structural labour market changes, such as rising nonstandard work, job polarisation and profound changes in women’s employment and earnings; documents levels of wealth concentration and indebtedness; and discusses the role for redistribution policies in OECD and emerging economies. The report also discusses a range of promising policy practices to tackle high inequality and promote equality of opportunities.

Close to 3 million people who were born in Morocco lived in OECD countries in 2010/11. To assess the potential that this group represents for the Moroccan economy, this review looks at the distribution of Moroccan emigrants over OECD countries, as well as their age, sex, and educational attainment. It analyses the labour market outcomes of Moroccan emigrants and documents the characteristics of return migrants in Morocco. Moroccan emigrants primarily reside in France, followed by Spain and Italy, where their numbers grew strongly before flows were affected by the economic crisis. Moroccan emigrants have lower educational attainment and less favourable labour market outcomes than native-born persons in destination countries, and many work in low-skill occupations. Those who have returned to Morocco are often retired, but they are also especially likely to become entrepreneurs there.

This report examines how current legal provisions in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia are impacting women’s ability to fully participate in economic life, both as employees and entrepreneurs. It is based on a comparative analysis of the various rights set out in constitutions, personal status laws, labour laws, in addition to tax and business laws. The report recognises the considerable progress made – in particular in the aftermath of the 2011 uprisings – following the adoption of constitutional and institutional reforms to strengthen women’s status. Yet ensuring sufficient opportunities for women remains a challenge in the six countries. The report suggests that this may be due to different factors such as: the existence of certain laws that are gender discriminatory, contradictions between various legal frameworks, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and barriers for women in accessing justice. Through targeted policies, countries can tackle these challenges, and help unleash women’s potential to boost growth, competitiveness and inclusive social development.

This new annual report, Africa’s Development Dynamics, analyses the continent’s development policies. It presents a fresh narrative on Africa’s development, assessing the economic, social and institutional performance in light of targets of the African Union’s Agenda 2063. This first edition examines the relations between growth, employment and inequalities in Africa and draws strategic policy implications.

This report forms part of the ILO follow-up plan of action to support the implementation of Recommendation No. 204. It is all the more timely given that the United Nations General Assembly has recently approved the Global Indicator Framework to monitor the Sustainable Development Goals, including a specific global statistical indicator on informal employment (8.3.1). The report provides for the first time a statistical profile of the informal economy at the global level using a common set of operational criteria to measure informal employment and employment in the informal sector for more than 100 countries, including both developed and developing countries. Statistics on informal employment are disaggregated by sex, age, level of education, status in employment and other socio-economic characteristics.