Gender and trade

This document presents an article on Female genital cutting: a philosophical exposition. Female genital cutting as practiced in most African countries has attracted wide condemnation. This practice involves partial or total removal of the external female genital organ for nonmedical reasons. Consequently, it causes damage to healthy for normal genital tissue and thus, interferes with the natural function of the girls or womanǯs body. Female genital cutting is usually carried out on girls within the ages of 10 and 22 years old. Most health experts attribute so many infections suffered by women of child bearing age to it. Also, barrenness, excessive bleeding during child birth or delivery is sometimes blamed on female genital cutting. A lot of infections including HIV have been associated with this cruel practice. It is the position of this paper that, such act is barbaric, and a violation of the human rights of the girl child and womanhood. Therefore, it should in all quarters be discouraged and possibly stopped because it violates a personn right to health, freedom from torture and security, and integrity.

This document presents an article on Female Genital Mutilation and the Concept of Religious Violence in the Western World. The presence of FGM as a firmlyentrenched component of some Islamic communities illuminates the need to ideologically distance examples of patriarchal narrative from religious practice during deliberations surrounding public policy. As part of the contemporary and evolving human rights dialogue that incorporates an understanding of freedom of religion, we must intentionally seek to categorically separate patriarchal imperatives from religious values, or risk perpetuating systems of genderbased violence at the institutional level.

This document presents research on Female Genital Mutilation: Relationship Association between Upper Egyptian Females' Knowledge and Attitude. Aim: Assess Relationship between Upper Egyptian Females' Knowledge and attitudes Female Genital Mutilation. Subject & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used. The study population consisted of 2837 females in Family Health Centers (FHCs) in different sitting at Beni-Suef. Α Structured Interviewing Questionnaire sheet was used to collect data.

This document presents a study on Female Genital Mutilation : Impact on Knowledge, Attitude, Sexual Score Domains and Intention of Females in Northern Upper Egypt. The aim of this study was Estimate effect of FGM on Females' knowledge, Attitude, Sexual Score Domains, and Intention in Northern Upper Egypt. The prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C) among total participants at Beni-Suef is 71.4%. Good knowledge score (27%) was more prevalent among non-mutilated females. Unfavorable and neutral attitude score (49.3%) was more prevalent among females with FGM. that there was a significantly higher Desire domain (5.8±1.8), Arousal domain (13.7±2.9), Lubrication domain (16±3.4), Orgasm domain (11.7±2.6), Satisfaction domain (13.3±2.4), and Total score among not circumcised married participants than circumcised ones but the Pain domain didn't differ significantly between circumcised (9.7±3.3), and not circumcised (9.3±2.2). About 79.4% of females who experienced FGM/C had the intention to mutilate their daughters in the future

This document presents an article on Female circumcision/Cutting, Female Genital Mutilation and Human Right : Listening to the Real Agents of Change. Since the beginning of the international campaign against it, not only Female Genital Cutting (FGC) but also the way these practices should be challenged has been subject to considerable debate. This chapter contributes to this debate by arguing for the need to move beyond culturalist explanations of FGC as they overlook the sociological complexity of violence against women. This chapter discusses the findings of qualitative research which has interrogated the continuation of FGC in Scotland from a migration perspective. By tracing FGC-affected women’s trajectories of violence through their journeys from the Global South to the Global North, the findings illustrate the shared global failures in recognizing how FGC is rooted in and sanctioned by the systematic, intersectional discrimination of women.